Emile Zola 's Rougon-Macguart novels describe the essential
corruption of the Second Empire. In the cycle of novels,
this epoch of rapid industrialization, before it ended in
the Franco-Prussian debacle of 1871, enriched th e
entrepreneurial Rougon branch but brutalized the proletarian
Macquart branch of Zola's socially symbolic family. The
majority of critics, past and present, either neglect or
regret one major aspect of Zola's fictional portrayal of the
period: the cumulative animal and machine imagery in the
cycle's meticulously prepared settings, diction, epithets,
and names. Such intricate veins of imagery constitute
Zola''s architectonic symbolism. And the author's didactic
sub-texts, especially in Le Ventre de paris, L'Assommoir,
Nana, Germinal, and La Bete humaine, give the cycle its
universality and its humanistic power.