Note
Competition for resources between marine organisms is one of the suite of factors structuring benthic communities. Sessile marine organisms must compete primarily for substratum to attach to and then protect their territory. Research on this topic has resulted in a large body of literature that has examined the consequences of direct interactions between sessile benthic invertebrates across phyla resulting from either contact or direct interference of life functions (see review by Woodin and Jackson, 1979). However, benthic organisms may change the nearby environment such that it is unsuitable for habitation by other organisms.