Engagement

Engagement with educational instruction and related materials is an important part of learning and contributes to test performance. There are various measures of engagement including self-reports, observations, pupil diameter, and posture. With the challenges associated with obtaining accurate engagement levels, such as difficulties with measuring variations in engagement, the present study used a novel approach to predict engagement from posture by using deep learning. Deep learning was used to analyze a labeled outline of the participants and extract key points that are expected to predict engagement. In the first experiment two short lectures were presented and participants were tested on a lecture to motivate engagement. The next experiment had videos that varied in interest to understand whether a more interesting presentation engages participants more, therefore helping participants achieve higher comprehension scores. In a third experiment, one video was presented to attempt to use posture to predict comprehension rather than engagement. The fourth experiment had videos that varied in level of difficulty to determine whether a challenging topic versus an easier topic affects engagement. T-tests revealed that the more interesting Ted Talk was rated as more engaging, and for the fourth study, the more difficult video was rated as more engaging. Comparing average pupil sizes did not reveal significant differences that would relate to differences in the engagement scores, and average pupil dilation did not correlate with engagement. Analyzing posture through deep learning resulted in three accurate predictive models and a way to predict comprehension. Since engagement relates to learning, researchers and educators can benefit from accurate engagement measures.

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to describe the interactive teaching methods of full-time elementary school teachers who worked in a highly ranked public elementary school located in Palm Beach County in South Florida, United States (the School District of Palm Beach County, 2019). The dissertation identified methods used by these teachers to enhance interaction between themselves and students in their classes.
Objectives of the study were to explore: (1) the verbal and non-verbal activities used by the teachers to engage their students in the learning process in their classes; (2) the creative thinking process of the teachers; (3) the classroom settings that enhanced the interaction between teachers and students; (4) the transdisciplinary skills of the teachers; and (5) the relation between transformational leadership criteria of teachers and their effective engagement with students in classrooms.