Education -- Effect of technological innovations on

This mixed methods study examined secondary teachers’ technology selfefficacy,
their professional development activities regarding mobile handheld devices,
and how those activities affect their use of mobile devices as instructional tools.
Additionally, this study also explored teachers’ perceptions of other factors that act as
barriers or enablers to their use of such devices. The study included 104 middle and high
school teachers who taught in a large, urban public school district in the Southeastern
United States. Data were collected through the administration of an electronic survey and
semi-structured interviews. The researcher utilized multiple regression and moderator
analyses, as well as qualitative analysis of the interview data.
The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed teachers’ technologyrelated
self-efficacy to be a significant predictor of their instructional use of mobile
handheld devices. However, secondary teachers’ level of professional development was found not to contribute significantly to the model. The moderator analysis too revealed
professional development to be a nonsignificant factor. The findings of the qualitative
phase of the study revealed secondary teachers’ awareness of their varied and fluid
technology-related self-efficacy, as well as those factors that modify it. Qualitative data
also revealed four categories of essential elements that teachers must have in order to
most effectively implement mobile handheld devices within their pedagogy: intellectual
capital, emotional capital, social-cultural capital, and technological capital. When
lacking, these elements can represent barriers to teachers’ implementation of mobile
handheld devices. Targeted professional development and increased funding to minimize
the digital divide are recommended to reduce these barriers. The findings of the study
inform designers of professional development programs, school and district and
secondary teachers, as they are all stakeholders in the process of increasing the effective
implementation of mobile handheld devices as instructional tools.

This phenomenological, mixed-method study compared and contrasted virtual K-
12 school leadership with traditional face-to-face leadership. All 106 participants served
for a minimum of two years in each setting. The study was conducted in two phases in
order to reveal consensus and dissensus points of view. Conceptually, a postmodern
framework was used to deliberately create spaces for new leadership ideas to emerge
through surveys and interviews. The data included teachers and leaders from charter,
district, and state virtual K-12 schools. Phase one of the study used a modified Delphi
methodology, consisting of an Internet-based survey and semantic differential survey.
The second phase was a round of interviews, seeking similarities and differences between leadership in the two domains. Using the lens of postmodernism, the nuances of difference arising from contextual factors were examined, along with the often-unheard voices of dissensus within the ranks of virtual K-12 leaders and teachers. Among the major findings, the study revealed no significant differences in
leadership between traditional and virtual K-12 leaders. A new paradigm of “leadership
by design” was uncovered as one possible means of innovating through virtual K-12
leadership.