Ethnopsychology

Researchers and policy makers consider entrepreneurship to be a major source of economic development and competitiveness. Determinants of entrepreneurship have been studied at individual, regional and national levels. Even though research indicates that variation in the levels of entrepreneurship across regions within nations is greater than the national differences and that these differences persist over time (Bosma & Schutjen 2009, 2011; Fritsch & Mueller 2006; Sternberg 2004; Tamásy 2006), we still do not know the full range of regional level determinants of entrepreneurship. I drew from Wennekers’ (2006) framework and link two lines of research (international entrepreneurship and international management) to examine the effects of institutional, economic, technological and cultural contexts on entrepreneurship across within-country regions developed ten hypotheses regarding the relationship of institutional, economic, technological and cultural context to entrepreneurship. I tested these hypotheses within Europe using the regional classification scheme developed by the European Union. Data for the variables came from the European Values Survey, European Social Survey, Eurostat, World Bank, International Social Security Association, Eurobarometer and the Global Competitiveness Report. To test the hypothesized relationships, I use Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM 6.0.) The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between institutional trust, Long Term Orientation and entrepreneurship levels across regions. In conclusion, examination of region-level predictors of entrepreneurship must include different measures of entrepreneurship to provide more accurate understanding and to inform policy makers.

Theoretical models posit that the perception of situations consists of two
components: an objective component attributable to the situation being perceived and a
subjective component attributable to the person doing the perceiving (Murray, 1938;
Rauthmann, 2012; Sherman, Nave & Funder, 2013; Wagerman & Funder, 2009). In this
study participants (N = 186) viewed three pictures from the Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT; Murray, 1938) and rated the situations contained therein using a new measure of
situations, the Riverside Situational Q-Sort (RSQ; Wagerman & Funder, 2009). The RSQ
was used to calculate the overall agreement among ratings of situations and to examine
the objective and subjective properties of the pictures. These results support a twocomponent
theory of situation perception. Both the objective situation and the person perceiving that situation contributed to overall perception. Further, distinctive perceptions of situations were consistent across pictures and were associated with the Big Five personality traits in a theoretically meaningful manner. For instance, individuals high in Openness indicated that these pictures contained comparatively more humor (r = .26), intellectual stimuli (r = .20), and raised moral or ethical issues (r = .19) than individuals low on this trait.

Researchers have reported a high prevalence of depression among older Hispanics
in the United States when compared to other ethnic groups. Cultural variations in the
perception of depression sometimes make it difficult to recognize the disorder resulting in
older Hispanic patients not being diagnosed and not receiving appropriate treatment. The
purpose of this study was to explore older Hispanics’ explanatory model of depression
and identify culture-specific factors that may help in the recognition and treatment of
depression. A mixed-method design that combined qualitative and quantitative methods
was used. Fifty participants were interviewed using Kleinman’s Explanatory Models
ethnographic approach with a vignette variation, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies
Depression Scale (CES-D), and the Cross Cultural Measure of Acculturation (CCMA).
The findings suggest that this group of older Hispanics did not recognize
depression as an illness but rather as the result of life stressors and personal weaknesses.
People who experience depressive symptoms were described as being crazy, bored,
worried, or having a problem of the nerves. These culturally coded terms may confound diagnosis among many Hispanics who find depression an unacceptable and shameful
condition. This cultural pattern seemed to prevail among low and high-acculturated
individuals which may complicate the diagnosis of depression by health care providers.
This study highlights the complexity and diversity of this group of older
Hispanics’ conceptual model of depression. The results of this study will contribute to
nursing care by providing additional information that will help professionals when
working with Hispanic patients with depression. Findings expand our understanding of
older Hispanics (high and low-acculturated, depressed and non-depressed) groups’
conceptualization of depression and can be used to inform the adaptation of culturally
relevant approaches to better serve the Hispanic community in this country.