Wireless sensor networks.

Food availability and food waste are signi cant global problems which can be
mitigated through the use of sensor networks. Current methods of monitoring food
waste require manual data collection and are implemented infrequently, providing
imprecise information. The use of sensors to automate food waste measurement
allows constant monitoring, provides a better dataset for analysis, and enables real-
time feedback, which can be used to affect behavioral change in consumers. The
data from such networks can be used to drive ambient displays designed to educate
a target audience, and ultimately reduce the amount of waste generated. We present
WASTE REDUCE, a system for automating the measurement of food waste and
affecting behavioral change. The challenges and results of deploying such a system
are presented. To assess the bene ts of using WASTE REDUCE, two case studies
are conducted. The rst study evaluates three different displays, and the second
reevaluates one of these displays in a separate location. These studies con rm that
the combination of automated monitoring and ambient feedback can reduce food
waste for targeted groups.

Multi-hop broadcast is one of the main approaches to disseminate data in
VANET. Therefore, it is important to design a reliable multi-hop broadcast protocol,
which satis es both reachability and bandwidth consumption requirements.
In a dense network, where vehicles are very close to each other, the number of
vehicles needed to rebroadcast the message should be small enough to avoid a broad-
cast storm, but large enough to meet the reachability requirement. If the network
is sparse, a higher number of vehicles is needed to retransmit to provide a higher
reachability level. So, it is obvious that there is a tradeo between reachability and
bandwidth consumption.
In this work, considering the above mentioned challenges, we design a number
of smart broadcast protocols and evaluate their performance in various network den-
sity scenarios. We use fuzzy logic technique to determine the quali cation of vehicles
to be forwarders, resulting in reachability enhancement. Then we design a band-
width e cient fuzzy logic-assisted broadcast protocol which aggressively suppresses
the number of retransmissions. We also propose an intelligent hybrid protocol adapts
to local network density. In order to avoid packet collisions and enhance reachability, we design a cross layer statistical broadcast protocol, in which the contention window
size is adjusted based on the local density information.
We look into the multi-hop broadcast problem with an environment based
on game theory. In this scenario, vehicles are players and their strategy is either
to volunteer and rebroadcast the received message or defect and wait for others to
rebroadcast. We introduce a volunteer dilemma game inspired broadcast scheme to
estimate the probability of forwarding for the set of potential forwarding vehicles. In
this scheme we also introduce a fuzzy logic-based contention window size adjustment
system.
Finally, based on the estimated spatial distribution of vehicles, we design a
transmission range adaptive scheme with a fuzzy logic-assisted contention window
size system, in which a bloom lter method is used to mitigate overhead.
Extensive experimental work is obtained using simulation tools to evaluate the
performance of the proposed schemes. The results con rm the relative advantages of
the proposed protocols for di erent density scenarios.

A Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a wireless ad-hoc network that
provides communications among vehicles with on-board units and between vehicles
and nearby roadside units. The success of a VANET relies on the ability of a
routing protocol to ful ll the throughput and delivery requirements of any applications
operating on the network. Currently, most of the proposed VANET routing protocols
focus on urban or highway environments. This dissertation addresses the need for an
adaptive routing protocol in VANETs which is able to tolerate low and high-density
network tra c with little throughput and delay variation.
This dissertation proposes three Geographic Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance
Vector (GEOADV) protocols. These three GEOADV routing protocols are designed
to address the lack of
exibility and adaptability in current VANET routing protocols.
The rst protocol, GEOADV, is a hybrid geographic routing protocol. The second
protocol, GEOADV-P, enhances GEOADV by introducing predictive features. The
third protocol, GEOADV-PF improves optimal route selection by utilizing fuzzy logic
in addition to GEOADV-P's predictive capabilities.
To prove that GEOADV and GEOADV-P are adaptive their performance is demonstrated by both urban and highway simulations. When compared to existing
routing protocols, GEOADV and GEOADV-P lead to less average delay and a
higher average delivery ratio in various scenarios. These advantages allow GEOADV-
P to outperform other routing protocols in low-density networks and prove itself
to be an adaptive routing protocol in a VANET environment. GEOADV-PF is
introduced to improve GEOADV and GEOADV-P performance in sparser networks.
The introduction of fuzzy systems can help with the intrinsic demands for
exibility
and adaptability necessary for VANETs.
An investigation into the impact adaptive beaconing has on the GEOADV
protocol is conducted. GEOADV enhanced with an adaptive beacon method is
compared against GEOADV with three xed beacon rates. Our simulation results
show that the adaptive beaconing scheme is able to reduce routing overhead, increase
the average delivery ratio, and decrease the average delay.

We present an implementation of the IEEE WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments) 1609.4 standard, Multichannel Operation. This implementation provides concurrent access to a control channel and one or more service channels, enabling vehicles to communicate among each other on multiple service channels while
still being able to receive urgent and control information on the control channel. Also
included is functionality that provides over-the-air timing synchronization, allowing
participation in alternating channel access in the absence of a reliable time source.
Our implementation runs on embedded Linux and is built on top of IEEE 802.11p, as
well as a customized device driver. This implementation will serve as a key compo-
nent in our IEEE 1609-compliant Vehicular Multi-technology Communication Device
(VMCD) that is being developed for a VANET testbed under the Smart Drive initiative, supported by the National Science Foundation.