Education, Bilingual

Emergent bilingual (EB) students enter classrooms with rich, diverse language repertoires. Too often, students’ linguistic assets are not meaningfully integrated to foster or support opportunities of academic languaging in which students can engage their full range of semiotic resources. This is particularly problematic in middle school during which literacy demands increase, academic genres need to be reproduced rather than solely comprehended, and explicit literacy instruction typically decreases (Humphrey, 2017; Rose, 2010). Through a design-based research (DBR) approach, this study showcases how Culturally Sustaining Systemic Functional Linguistics (CSSFL), a theoretical and pedagogical approach, can support middle school students’ engagement in explicit and equitable literacy practices within the unique context of an intensive reading English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) classroom. Throughout the DBR phases, qualitative data from observations, student artifacts, lesson plans, and researcher notes were collected and analyzed to address the following research questions: (RQ1) What are the cultural, linguistic, and literacy practices of EB students within a culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) intensive reading middle school classroom? (RQ2) What do CSSFL-informed lessons comprise when created in response to the EB middle school students’ needs and practices through a DBR approach? (RQ3) How do the students engage in the practices of the CSSFL-informed lessons? Designing, implementing, and evaluating the CSSFL-informed lessons demonstrated how the use of multimodal resources eased students’ hesitancy and facilitated meaning-making opportunities, how students used translanguaging for multiple purposes, and how students became conscientious about language use while establishing connections to their existing linguistic knowledge. Results of this study offer insights into how theory-practice bridges can be established in middle school classrooms to develop spaces where students have opportunities to expand on their cultural and linguistic assets as they understand, manipulate, and remix for academic purposes (Harman & Khote, 2018). Moreover, the findings illuminate the feasibility of implementing culturally sustaining, language focused practices that can push boundaries of restrictive curricular structures while forefronting students’ language backgrounds in their learning.

An intrinsic case study was conducted to understand what helps Early Care and Education (ECE) English as a Second Language (ESL) students to enroll in a customized ECE ESL course at a local state college and what barriers may hinder their success in the course. This research examined whether the following were either motivators or barriers or both in ECE ESL participants enrolling in an ECE ESL customized course: course design and delivery, student support systems, student self-motivation, student self- efficacy, time and schedule commitment, instructor and student relationship, availability of resources, and level of classroom involvement. The results revealed that the students were highly motivated to enroll and complete the course successfully. Across the board, there was (1) a sense of gratitude from the participants for being afforded an opportunity to learn the English language, (2) evidence of knowledge of their future goals, and (3) their knowledge that learning English was their first step in achieving their goals.

Bilinguals commonly report experiencing emotions differently depending on which language are they speaking. Emotionally loaded words were expected to be appraised differently in first versus second language in a sample of Spanish-English bilinguals (n=117). English (L2) ratings were subtracted from Spanish (L1) ratings; the resulted scores were used as dependent variable in the analyses. Three categories of words (positive, negative and taboo) were appraised in both languages (English and Spanish)and two sensory modalities (Visual and auditory). The differences in valence scores in Spanish (L1) and English (L2) were expected to be significantly higher when presented aurally than when presented visually. Additionally, taboo words were expected to yield larger differential scores than negative and positive words. The 2 X 3 general linear model (GLM) revealed no significant effect of sensory modality but a significant effect of word type. Additional analyses of the influence of language and sensory modality within each word category resulted in significant differences in ratings between languages. Positive word ratings were higher (more positive) in English than in Spanish.

The current qualitative study focuses on how teachers perceive the Response to
Intervention (RtI) framework for English learners, specifically assessments and the
instructional decision-making process. RtI serves as a framework to help “close the gap”
and create a more equitable environment for struggling English learners (Florida
Department of Education, 2008). The current study explored elementary school general
education teachers’ perceptions and understanding of the RtI process for English learners. Eight elementary general education teachers participated in two interview sessions each to address what general education teachers know about the RtI process for English learners, how teachers report their interpretation of policies and procedures with respect to instruction and assessment of English learners, how teachers feel about their understanding of RtI, and how teachers feel about their understanding of instruction and assessment for English learners. Teacher participants shared their knowledge of the importance of progress monitoring and data collection during the RtI process. Participants reported that progress monitoring and data collection were used to inform instructional decisions for English learners. Participants also provided insight into a shift in teacher accountability related to data collection and progress monitoring.
Teacher participants addressed elements of the RtI process: three tiers of RtI,
evidence-based interventions, data and data collection, and progress monitoring. Based
on teacher responses, teachers monitor student progress, but find some elements of
progress monitoring unclear. Participants expressed concern about measuring student
progress and the means used to demonstrate growth and to compare struggling students to the performance of peers in the same grade level.
The RtI framework includes targeted interventions for struggling students, and
participants perceive that RtI helps to identify students with disabilities earlier.
Participants reported benefits and drawbacks related to RtI. The participants specifically
focused on the collaborative problem solving team as a beneficial support system for
teachers navigating the RtI process. Teachers reported perceptions on language acquisition and learning disabilities, adjustment time for English learners, assessments for English learners, parental involvement and experiences, instruction for English learners, and professional development and support for the instruction of English learners.

This study was designed to determine which prototype of bilingual education parents would most favor and which prototype parents would least favor. Subjects were randomly selected from a population of English language dominant parents and Hispanic non-English dominant parents taken from eighteen schools which had a bilingual center as well as a regular program and eighteen schools which were similar but did not have a bilingual center. Ninety parents were chosen at random from grade levels three, six and nine in twenty-four sample elementary, middle and high schools. The parents were divided into three groups: (1) those who were Spanish dominant and who had children in bilingual centers, (2) those who were English dominant and who had children who attended schools with a bilingual center and who did not participate in the bilingual program, and (3) those who were English dominant and whose children attended schools which did not have a bilingual center. The assessment instrument was a questionnaire which asked parents to rank order five bilingual prototypes with one being the most favored program and five being the least favored program. Statistical treatment of the data included an examination of frequency percentages and chi-square analyses. Analysis of data revealed that group membership had no relationship to the three levels of parents' choices of the most favored program, yet there was a significant difference revealed in the chi-square analysis of the least favored program at the .05 alpha level. The variable which proved to be significant was language dominance. Although there was no statistical significance, the study showed that 49 percent of the combined English speaking parent groups would agree to have their children involved in a Bilingual/Second Language program. The research also indicated that although English dominant parents disagreed on the type of program which should be offered to limited English proficient students, 89 percent agreed that some program should be available in the public school system.

This study was designed to measure the relation of education and ethnic identity to attitudes towards bilingualism in two different ethnic groups, Asian and Latinos in the United States. In order to do this, an instrument was developed to measure attitudes towards bilingualism. No significant relations were found among education or ethnic identity and attitudes towards bilingualism in either group, but analyses revealed several other significant relationships. The two subscales of ethnic identity, MEIM-R Commitment and Exploration, were related to each other both within Asian and Latino groups and in all participants combined. In the combined sample, education levels of participants' mothers was correlated with the MEIM-R subscale of Exploration. In addition, participants with a Bachelors Degree or above were found to have significantly higher ethnic identity levels of MEIM-R Commitment than participants with an Associates Degree or below. Participants with mothers who possess a Bachelors Degree or above were found to have significantly higher ethnic identity levels of MEIM-R Exploration than participants with mothers who possess an Associates Degree or below. Finally, Asian participants were found to have lower levels of MEIM-R Commitment when compared to Latino participants.