Wetterer, James K.

In an attempt to better understand the effects of environmental enrichments on captive
octopods, specifically Octopus vulgaris, as conducted by aquariums, attempts have been made to
collect wild octopus from various sites in the Indian River Lagoon. Collected specimen would
have been observed in captivity in order to compare their behavior with that of their wild
counterparts based on the data collected by Kayes in 1973. The research conducted would serve
to investigate if the environmental enrichments, institutionalized by aquariums, encourage
octopods to behave more closely to the natural or wild type behaviors or if the enrichments
encourage less natural behavior. Due to complications in the collection process, the nature of
research conducted was changed to look at behavior of 0. vulgaris in the wild at Blue Heron
Bridge, while examining literature on implications of octopi behavior in captivity. Enrichment is
used to guarantee the mental wellbeing and health of animals in captivity in the interests of
maintaining a good quality of living. This thesis looks at whether the quality for life achieved by
enrichment impacts behavior by either encouraging natural or unnatural behavior in octopi.

The Abacoa Greenway reserve is a 105 ha preserve in Jupiter, Florida. We investigated the demographics of the gopher tortoise population and their burrow distributions in a 9 ha portion of the greenway (Range VIa) used for the relocation of gopher tortoises. Range VIa currently houses at least 90 tortoises. According to state guidelines this reserve is considered to be a “support population” with ≤250 individuals living in an area ≤100 ha. We found that the tortoises in the reserve are showing signs of maturity at a younger age (7-10 years) and a larger size (25-35 cm carapace length) compared to more northern populations. We hypothesize that this is due to the latitudinal climate effects and warm winters allowing year-round foraging. For the gopher tortoise burrow distribution, we found that many tortoises are creating new burrows on the periphery due to the overgrowth of the vegetation in the interior of the reserve and a reduction mowing is needed.

Invasive predaceous ants can cause chaos in their new habitats by competing for resources, increasing or decreasing preys or predators, and even threatening the next generation of offsprings. The red imported fire ant RIFA, Solenopsis invicta is a generalist, omnivorous exotic ant from South America. It has been causing ecological, agricultural, and economical havoc in the USA and other parts of the world. Solenopsis invicta preys on pipped eggs and hatchlings of ground nesting birds and reptiles and they are also found on sea turtle nesting beaches. We hypothesized that there will be a change in the fire ant species distribution at Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge SPNWR after the first follow-up survey done in 2010, and at Jack Bay after the baseline study in 2011; both nesting beaches are in St Croix, US Virgin Islands. Baited index cards with tuna were set out for approximately two hours then ants were collected in separate marked bags. They were frozen then preserved in ethanol and finally identified. Solenopsis invicta was the most common exotic species at SPNWR. It was significantly more abundant p0.02 than the other fire ant species, Solenopsis geminata which was more abundant in both the 2010 survey and the baseline survey in 2006 at SPNWR. Neither of the fire ant species was found at Jack Bay. This increase in RIFA can become a serious threat to the next generation of sea turtles if its abundance continues to increase at SPNWR.

Bioprospecting, the search for useful compounds found in nature, has led to the discovery of novel drugs and pharmaceuticals. For my thesis research, I analyzed the organic compounds in the venom of Crematogaster vicina Andre, an endemic Jamaican ant. Prior chemical analysis of Crematogaster species revealed diverse, bio-active organic compounds, which included long chained conjugated dienones, furanocembranoid, and diterpenes. I postulated that these types of compounds are characteristic of the Crematogaster venom. I used Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Sci-Finder database and SDBS database to test my hypothesis with C.vicina venom. I identified one bio-active organic compound of high abundance and similar characteristics of the organic compounds found in venom of the Crematogaster species from Europe: 1, 2 –Dihydro-4-ethylamino-1-methylpyrimidin-2-one, which I isolated as di (phosphate methyl ester).

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, originally from South America, has become a major pest in the southeastern US. Its painful stings can result in anaphylactic shock and even death. For my thesis research, I wished to examine how and where people are exposed to these stings and what could be done to minimize this exposure. I surveyed ants around and under picnic benches at four sites in Palm Beach and Martin Counties, Florida. I compared the incidence of S. invicta and other ants for picnic benches on artificial substrate (brick, concrete, gravel, or pavement) versus relatively natural substrate (grass or sand). I found that substrate had no significant effect on the occurrence of S. invicta and other ants; in all cases, incidence rates were very low. I found out, however, that ants were being controlled using chemical poisons at some sites. Future research should examine control methods for efficient elimination of S. invicta in areas where people are likely to be expose

Many species prey upon the threatened gopher tortoises, including the Red Imported Fir Ants Solenopsis invicta. While human alterations to native habitat have led to a decline in gopher tortoises, “disturbance specialists” like S. invicta often thrive on such changes. This study examines three ant surveys at gopher tortoise burrows within a section of residential “greenway” in southeastern Florida before and after “reduction mowing”. While the presence of S. invicta did decrease aftrer the reduction mowing, the numbers of native ants and ant species richness in general showed a significant decline. Another invasive ant, the Little Fire Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863), showed a significant increase after the mowing. While not as destructive as S. invicta, W.auropunctata has been documented to be a significant pest to many terrestrial vertebrates and should be considered a potential threat in future gopher tortoise and land management schemes.

The tropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata is a New World species with a wide native
range including South America as well as several Caribbean islands. The red imported
fire ant, Solenopsis invicta is native to parts of South America. Both species are known
for preying on sea turtles’ eggs and hatchlings. The objectives of this thesis research
were to conduct follow-up and baseline ant species distribution surveys on four sea turtle
nesting beaches in St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands. Tuna baits were set out at beaches;
specimens were collected, frozen, preserved then identified. Results show that there was
a significant change in the fire ants’ distribution at Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge
(SPNWR) while none were found at Jack Bay. Fire ants were also present on the other
two baseline surveyed nesting beaches. The displacement of S. geminata by S. invicta
was observed at SPNWR, which also was presumed by previous surveys.

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is a South American native
introduced in Alabama in the early 20th century. This predatory species has rapidly
spread throughout the southeastern US and parts of the West Indies, inflicting great
ecological and economic damage. For example, Solenopsis invicta is known to attack the
eggs and hatchlings of ground nesting birds and reptiles. The ants swarm into the nests
attacking hatchlings and diminishing their chance for survival. My thesis research aimed
to survey the distribution of ants on sea turtle nesting beaches in South Florida and St.
Croix, USVI, and to evaluate the possible threat of Solenopsis invicta and other predatory
ants to sea turtle hatchlings.

Studies in geriatrics have found that the second and fourth digit (of the hand) ratio (2D:4D), an indicator of in utero androgen exposure, shows significantly negative correlation with muscle mass (MM) and muscle strength (MS). In my thesis research, I examined correlations between 2D:4D ratio and the MM and MS of college students and compared the results to previous geriatric studies in order to evaluate 2D:4D measurement as a supplementary tool for understanding factors associated with muscularity. I evaluated college students using a scanning bed and calipers to determine digit ratio. I then measured calf-circumference, MM using bioimpedence technology and MS using a dynamometer for grip strength.

Although the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta ) is known to kill sea turtle hatchlings, little research has focused on sub-lethal effects of ant attacks on hatchlings emerging from nests. Sea turtle hatchlings of two species (Caretta caretta and Chelonia mydas) exposed to fire ants during incubation and emergence were collected on Juno Beach, Florida. Hatchlings were maintained for ten days in a common saltwater outdoor pool at the Marinelife Center, Juno Beach. Hatchlings showing pustules diagnostic of S. invicta stings were compared to non-stung controls in terms of survival, growth (mass and SCL) and initial crawling strength. Loggerhead hatchlings showed a significant decrease in survival, growth, and crawling strength when stung by fire ants. In contrast, no significant differences were seen in the survival, growth, and crawling strength of green turtle hatchlings when stung by fire ants.