Stereotypes (Social psychology)

This thesis is a historical comprehensive case study on masculinity that explores stereotypes of masculinity in professional wrestling. Working from theories about gender roles, hegemonic masculinity, misogyny (with its disdain for femininity) and heteronormativity, this study utilizes a content analysis of American professional wrestling to look at the gendered basis of how and why wrestling characters are created and how they are successful. Professional wrestlers historically have created characters based in American popular cultures and specifically American gender ideologies of masculinity that are based in hetero-patriarchal cultural ideals. By looking through the history of masculinity and gender stereotypes in professional wrestling, I uncover how contemporary wrestlers are reworking these stereotypes to create new characters with changing gender inflections based on global cultural ideals, rather than American culture, demonstrating the influence global culture and the globalized wrestling community has on contemporary American wrestling.

A bio-inspired robotic underwater vessel was developed to test the effect of
fin morphology on the propulsive performance of caudal fin. The robotic vessel, called The
Bullet Fish, features a cylindrical body with a hemisphere at the forward section and a
conical body at the stern. The vessel uses an oscillating caudal fin for thrust generation.
The robotic vessel was tested in a recirculating flume for seven different caudal fins that
range different bio-inspired forms and aspect ratios. The experiments were performed at
four different flow velocities and two flapping frequencies: 0.5 and 1.0 Hz. We found that
for 1 Hz flapping frequency that in general as the aspect-ratio decreases both thrust
production tends and power decrease resulting in a better propulsive efficiency for aspect
ratios between 0.9 and 1.0. A less uniform trend was found for 0.5 Hz, where our data
suggest multiple efficiency peaks. Additional experiments on the robotic model could help
understand the propulsion aquatic locomotion and help the design of bio-inspired
underwater vehicles.

In addition to the reproductive benefits associated with outcompeting sexual rivals and being seen as an attractive mating prospect by women, research suggests that competition adaptively regulates men's sexual interest and behavior in preparation for mating opportunities following competitive outcomes, with victory leading to an increase in sexual interest and loss leading to a decrease in sexual interest. One hundred fifteen undergraduate men engaged in a contrived competitive task in which a third were led to believe that they won, a third were led to believe that they lost, and a third were led to believe that they neither won nor lost. Participants completed the Rape Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (RABS), which was used to test whether the effects of competition extend to men's proneness to sexual aggression. In addition, the current study attempted to replicate Gorelik and Bjorklund's (2015) finding that only single men's sexual interest is affected by competition. Results did not reveal an effect of competition on men's rape proclivity, although there were effects in the predicted direction on two of the RABS items. Gorelik and Bjorklund's (2015) effect of competition on men's sexual interest was not replicated. Limitations, implications for the understanding of the biology of sexual aggression, and directions for future research are discussed.

This study examined the results of the National Prison Wardens’ Survey to ascertain the levels of job satisfaction, occupational sentiments, and work-related stress among prison wardens and to establish whether these variables differed between male and female respondents. The findings indicated that wardens generally experience high levels of job satisfaction, reflect positive occupational sentiments, and report low levels of work-related stress. Additionally, results from the Chi-square tests and Lambda measures of association indicated that little to no relationship existed between gender and any of the explored variables.

This thesis focuses on the continuous misrepresentations that appear throughout different
outlets of popular culture and the negative impacts of these misrepresentations. In the
first chapter, the focus will be on the films The Last of the Mohicans and The Mission and
the origins and implications of the misrepresentation of Indians in film. The second
chapter uses rap music videos such as 50 Cent’s In Da Club, Nelly’s Tip Drill, LMFAO
and Lil John’s Shots, Where Da Hood At, Tupac’s Hit ‘Em up, and N.W.A.’s Straight
Outta Compton as primary texts to demonstrate the one dimensional and problematic
representations of African American Identity in the rap music industry. The third and
final chapter uses the video games Grand Theft Auto III and Gun as examples of the
negative representations that occur and are repeated quickly in the rapidly improving
world of video games. While the misrepresentations are achieved and perpetuated
differently in each medium, their ubiquitous presence in popular culture calls for
discussion.

An experiment was conducted to examine whether cannula-fed rats could learn to suppress amphetamine-induced head movements when milk infusion was contingent upon suppression of these stereotyped movements. To test this hypothesis, rats in two cannula-fed conditions, Cannula/No Lick and Cannula/Lick, received injections of amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg) for 42 consecutive days. Pilot data had suggested that suppression of these movements was unlikely to occur unless some other stereotyped behavior (e.g., licking) could be made, hence the availability of a drinking tube in one of the conditions. Although neither group recovered to baseline intake levels, milk intakes measured over 6 consecutive weeks revealed that both groups had recovered from the initial hypophagic effect of amphetamine and had learned to suppress stereotyped head movements in order to receive milk infusion. There was no significant difference between the intakes of the two groups. These findings suggest that instrumental learning may be an appropriate model to describe the development of tolerance to amphetamine-induced stereotyped movements. They also imply that the channeling of one form of stereotyped head movement (e.g., head scanning) into another form (e.g., licking) is not necessary for tolerance to occur.

White Americans today hold complex, conflicting attitudes towards Black Americans. This research tracked participants' thoughts over time as they evaluated members of different ethnic groups performing action that was either congruent or conflicting with the stereotypes associated with the ethnic group. White and Black participants recorded their moment-to-moment feelings towards White and Black targets (represented by a photograph on the screen), and then used a computer mouse to express the feelings portrayed in their recordings. Results indicated that when Black participants evaluated a Black target committing a negative act, they expressed negative feelings, accompanied by highly dynamic changes in thought. In contrast to the results of preliminary research, White participants' judgment displayed a simple behavior effect. Results suggest that in-group/out-group judgment might reflect different dynamic properties depending on the particular ethnic groups. Future research should explore the intrinsic dynamics associated with stereotypical judgement from specific socio-historic perspectives.

Research on social judgment typically emphasizes one of three processes that enable unequivocal understanding of events with ambiguous causality. In the social influence perspective, people are susceptible to the interpretations offered by others. In the explicit attitudes perspective, people interpret events in line with their consciously held attitudes and values. In the implicit attitudes perspective, people interpret events in line with unconscious biases. The model investigated in the present study assumes that these processes vary in salience depending on people's mindset. Participants with low versus high implicit racial bias toward Blacks read a narrative concerning this altercation under either a lowlevel or a high-level mindset and then read a summary that blamed one of the parties or they did not read a summary. As predicted, low-level participants allocated responsibility to the African-American if they had a high implicit racial bias and to the White if they had a low implicit racial bias, regardless of the summary manipulation. Contrary to prediction, however, high-level participants' allocation of responsibility did not reflect their explicit prejudicial attitudes. Instead, they corrected for their implicit biases in their trait inferences and affective reactions, in line with research suggesting that a high-level mindset promotes self-regulatory processes in social judgment.

RuPaul's Drag Race is one of the few realilty television shows focusing on QLGBT (queer, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) identified individuals that has made it into mainstream consciousness. Drag Race provides a unique perspective on the ways that gender identity, sexuality, size, class, race, and ethnicity intersect and interact in people's lives.The television show augments many of these intersedtions and the challenges related to these identities while still reflecting the daily struggles that people experience.The show works to promote messages of self-love and acceptance ; however, it also promotes many problematic and damaging stereotypes. This thesis conducts a feminist analysis in order to answer the question: How does RuPaul's Drag Race relate to hegemonic and oppressive stereotypes and roles associated with gender identity, sexual orientation, size, class, race and ethnicity? Does it challenge or reinforce such hegemonies? In order to answer these questions, this thesis examines visual imagery, narrative, and dialogue in the show, utilizes theories from cultural and women's studies, English and communications. It concludes that although Drag Race does engage in some subversive behavior, it ultimately reinforces harmful hegemonic stereotypes.

The Roma people, often referred to by the derogatory misnomer of "gypsy," are an ethnic group plagued by (mis)representation in popular culture. Roma representations in cinema, literature, journalism, and other forms of popular culture have perpetuated a long history of Roma exclusion. This thesis aims to identify not only the many manifestations of Roma (mis)representation, but also apply anthropological theory as a means of analyzing the ramifications of such (mis)representations on the Roma people. This paper concludes with suggestions for an anthropologically informed methodology of representation, and hopes to challenge long standing stereotypes and misinformation about the Romani culture.