Education, Educational Psychology

This study investigated the relationship between school learning culture and leadership social interest in three groups of schools. Group One included schools attempting to improve student performance through participating in a staff development consortium. Group Two schools, also members of the staff development consortium, had made an additional commitment to participate in an action research process to improve student achievement. Group Three schools were designated as community schools. Four research questions were explored: (a) Is there a relationship between school leadership social interest and school learning culture? (b) Is there a relationship between school leadership social interest and school type? (c) Are there differences in school leadership and faculty perception of school learning culture? and (d) Are there differences in school learning culture by school type? Data were voluntarily submitted by 12 schools that were members of the South Florida Center for Educational Leaders Consortium of Schools or were Broward County Community Schools. School administrators and teacher leaders completed the Basic Adlerian Scales for Interpersonal Success (BASIS-A Inventory). School leadership and faculty completed the School Professional Staff as Learning Community (SPSLC) and a demographic questionnaire. A total of 289 questionnaires were returned, for a response rate of (46%). Major findings include: (a) a significant relationship exists between school leadership social interest and the fourth school culture subscale (r = .33, p < .01) concerning the faculty's capacity to observe and give feedback on classroom behaviors to increase capacity; (b) Group One and Group Two schools differed on the second (F = 5.993, df = 288, p < .003) and fifth (F = 3.846, df = 288, p < .022) subscales of the SPSLO, concerning shared visioning and school conditions and capacity for continuous learning respectively; and (c) Group Two and Group Three schools differed on subscale three (F = 3.947, df = 288, p < .020), which assessed the collective creativity and learning of the organization. Leadership social interest is correlated to trusting learning environments that facilitate transformational learning. This study supports the literature describing learning organization leaders as being teachers, leaders, and designers, all of which are equated to social interest.

This study investigates the relationships between and among math anxiety level, perceptual learning style (audio, visual, tactile/kinesthetic), age, gender, and math performance. The subjects were 501 community college students taking remedial credit Introductory Algebra and college credit Basic College Algebra. A questionnaire measuring math anxiety level, perceptual learning style, and personal demographics was developed and administered to the participants. Math anxiety level was measured by the Brief Math Anxiety Rating Scale (BMARS), a subscale of Suinn's Math Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS). Perceptual learning style was measured by the Learning Style Inventory-Adapted (LSI-A), an adaptation of the CITE Learning Style Inventory. The results showed that math anxiety level was significantly correlated to one or more learning styles for all groups studied. Math Anxiety level was also significantly correlated to gender but did not have significant correlations with age or math performance. For the female subjects, there were significant positive correlations between math anxiety level and two learning styles: tactile/kinesthetic and audio. For males, there was a significant positive correlation between math anxiety level and audio learning style only. While the math anxiety levels of females were significantly higher than those of males, their course grades were as well. They were also significantly older than the males in the study group and had significantly higher preferences for the visual learning style than the males. Multiple regression analyses were performed with the predictor variables of age, gender, learning style; and the criterion variable math anxiety level. The regression models were statistically significant and predicted up to 15% of the variance in math anxiety level. Multiple regression analyses were performed on subgroups of the original groups. These groups were comprised of the participants who received letter grades from A-F. Those receiving incompletes or withdrawals were not included in this part of the study. The predictor variables for the regressions in these models were: age, gender, math anxiety level, and perceptual learning style. The criterion variable was math performance, measured by the final grade in the course. All but one of the regression models were statistically significant, predicting up to 16% of the variance in math performance. The remedial credit model was not significant. Further research is needed with a more comprehensive learning style instrument and possibly a different measure for evaluating math performance that would also include all the incomplete grades and withdrawals.

This research explored group differences according to giftedness and achievement in the acquisition and generalization of a strategy for solving analogies. A distinction was made between proximal and distal transfer, with the latter expected to differentiate between gifted and nongifted cognition. Underachievement in gifted children was expected to reflect either strategy deficits, or the absence of performance differences in a theoretically important cognitive skill (generalization) between the so-called "underachieving" gifted and other bright but nongifted children. 162 seventh and eighth graders were selected according to intelligence and achievement scores, academic program, and teacher opinion, and assigned to one of four groups: high achieving gifted, underachieving gifted, high achieving nongifted, and average achieving nongifted. Each child was seen individually for two sessions, and solved a total of five sets of ten multiple-choice analogies. The first session included two baseline trials (one verbal and one figural set), followed by training in the use of a strategy. The second session included a proximal transfer trial (same analogy type as used at training), and a distal transfer trial (analogies from the never-trained domain). All analogies were solved orally, and strategy use was determined from audio-recordings. The results showed that the high achieving gifted children were more spontaneously, frequently, and successfully strategic than the other three groups, as well as most accurate following the decision not to use a strategy. They were also the only group to show performance increases at distal transfer. In terms of gifted underachievement, there was evidence to support both hypotheses. The underachieving gifted children showed qualitative deficits in strategic functioning as compared to their high achieving gifted counterparts, and also tended to "look" like the high achieving nongifted group in their patterns of performance. These results were discussed in terms of the likelihood of subgroups of underachieving gifted children, and their implications for education and the identification of giftedness.

Purpose. This dissertation was designed to study the relative efficacy of the 1948 standardization of the Leiter International Performance Scale, the 1975 standardization of the Leiter International Performance Scale, and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence for placing children in the gifted range of intellectual functioning. In addition, this dissertation addressed the relationship of a preschool screening instrument, the Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning with the 1948 standardization of the Leiter International Performance Scale, the 1975 standardization of the Leiter International Performance Scale, and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Results. The results indicated that there was a significant difference in the number of white children and black children placed into gifted classes, based upon the WPPSI and LIPS. Inspite of the fact that both white children and black children scored both higher and lower on the LIPS than the WPPSI statistically, based upon observed and predicted frequencies, the WPPSI did favor the white children in terms of gifted placement. There was no significant difference between the number of white children and black children placed in gifted classes based upon the LIPS. Discriminant root analysis corroborated these findings by statistically indicating the discriminant roots inherent in the WPPSI for the black children in this study. These discriminant roots were the following six subtests: Information; Vocabulary; Arithmetic; Comprehension; Mazes and Block Design. In addition, a multiple regression analysis corroborated that the 1948 LIPS is statistically nondiscriminatory by revealing that race was not a significant predictor of the 1948 LIPS IQ score.