Bogotch, Ira

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of leadership and its effectiveness in an elementary school setting. This investigation viewed distribution as a horizontal continuous process, rather than a hierarchical process with administrators, teachers and support staff each demonstrating varying degrees of involvement in leadership activities according to roles, situations, leadership styles and organizational relationships. This study was anchored in a democratic, distributed perspective using the work of Jack Gibb, Richard E. Elmore, Peter Gronn, and James Spillane as its foundation. The design of this study involved the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative path involved data collection through surveys and existing documents. The qualitative data collection involved interviews and observations. In order to maximize the probability for identifying the dynamics and effects of distributed leadership in elementary schools, the settings for this study included schools engaged in a guidance grant model in both Broward County and Pasco County Public School Districts in Florida, which, on the surface, appeared to have distributed leadership components already in practice. The sample for this study included six Florida elementary schools, three located in Broward County and three in Pasco County. Four of these schools, two from Broward County and two from Pasco County, had been implementing the guidance reform effort. The two remaining schools, one in Broward County and one in Pasco County, demonstrated similar demographics and closely matched socioeconomic status of the grant schools, but were outside the guidance grant program. The population used in this sampling included principals, assistant principals, teachers, titled teacher leaders, school counselors and support staff. The findings of this study confirmed the theories of Gibb, Elmore, Gronn, and Spillane through the development of the Distributed Leadership Cycle. Distributed leadership is the key to effective collaboration that will positively impact the quality of teaching and learning, thus impacting student achievement. It is this integrative, relational model of distribution that will propel schools forward. Distributed leadership is the theoretical lens through which leadership practice in school can be reconfigured and re-conceptualized for the 21st century.

This multi-site case analysis investigated the values underlying the parental selection of charter schools. The conceptual framework of this study was school choice within the public sector and more specifically charter schools. The research design employed in-depth interviews and data analysis. A purposeful sample with random selection was used to select the eighteen parent participants. The principals were serving as principals of the schools at the time of the study. All research questions were answered by the data analysis: How do the values of parents influence their selection of charter schools for their children? Parents were looking for alternatives to traditional public schools. Charter schools gave parents the opportunity to select schools that they believed would match their values. Why do some parents select to send their children to charter schools in lieu of traditional public schools? Charter schools provided smaller class size/smaller school size, more discipline, and diverse student population. Why do parents who have selected to send their children to charter schools believe that these schools do a better job of educating their children than some traditional public schools? Traditional public schools lack many of the things that parents stated would provide a good education for their children. How do race, socioeconomic status, and level of school impact the parental selection of charter schools in lieu of traditional public schools? These differences did not impact the parental selection of charter schools. What do parents consider when they select charter schools for their children? Parents considered what was best for their individual child. The finding of the study revealed that parents selected charter schools based on what they valued: small class size and small school size and the importance of education to the child's future. There were other themes that emerged across and within the three sites which contributed to the study's finding. More research is needed on charter schools because better informed parents will make better selections when exercising choice.

This study explored the relationship between critical theories and student achievement. The study applied the principles of Critical Discourse Analysis and Critical Pedagogy in studying the impact of artistic and hegemonic communication on student achievement. The purpose of the study was to critically analyze the language discourse of educational leaders and to determine the extent to which the language discourse contributes to the persistence of the achievement gap and the continuing marginalization of diverse groups of children. This research study offers a practical set of recommendations on how to use the process of critical discourse analysis to arrive at more adequate solutions to the problems that contribute to the achievement gap. It demonstrates how an uncritical acceptance of textual communication from powerful sources such as state departments of education makes educational leaders responsible for the academic failure of children. This study was therefore concerned with finding a process to interrupt hegemonic communication and allow for more democratic use of language that accommodates the multiple realities of the school system. The Research Design used in this research process incorporated data analysis at the state, district and school site levels. The processes of critical discourse analyses were used to scrutinize the language of verbal and written texts and observation data for socio-political relations and ideology embedded in the language. The study found that at the federal, state and district levels hegemonic language was used to assert the worldview of educational accountability and standardization. In contrast to the federal, state and district data, the school site data revealed the use of critical discourse to counteract hegemonic communication and give voice to the multiple realities that exist. This study highlights the fact that educational leaders, including the crafters of educational policies and related documents, skillfully use language to advance their particular perspective. The study demonstrates how educational leaders can implement artistic leadership to open up the spaces in the discourse to interrupt hegemonic communication and eventually close the achievement gap.

The role of the business partner in education has come into more prominence in the public school system, especially at the high school level. Shrinking budgets have prompted high school principals to explore the idea of business partnerships as a way to close the gap in academic achievement and provide direction for high schools struggling to meet the workforce development demands in today's society. In addition, financial support has provided opportunities for curriculum enhancement, staff development, and student support. However, as more emphasis is placed on the development of school business partnerships, the need to determine how these partnerships function successfully is a necessary part of the process. This study looked at the historical perspective concerning the involvement of the business sector and their relationship with education throughout the twentieth century. This exploratory study utilized quantitative and qualitative data gathering procedures. The purpose of this study was to identify the skills and knowledge that high school principals and their business counterparts need to have to create an equitable relationship. High school principals from three school districts in the State of Florida were asked to complete a quantitative survey, including a section in which they named their business partners. A section was provided for each principal to agree to a personal interview. One principal from each Florida school district was selected at random from among those returned surveys in which the principal agreed to be interviewed. In addition, a photo matrix was created by visiting each high school campus in which the principal agreed to an interview in order to collect data of businesses that had visible name recognition. The top six business partners based upon frequency of appearance or as indicated by the principal were selected from the matrix and contacted for an interview. The research questions that guided this study were (a) What is the nature of the relationship between high schools and their business partners? (b) What do high school principals need to know in order to create equitable business partnerships? (c) What do business partners need to know in order to create equitable education partnerships? (d) Based on this study, what recommendations emerge that will promote more equitable relationships between business and education partnerships?

Based on an observation that women have been more successful in ascending to the level of school superintendent within southern school districts that use electoral procedures, this study examined unique electoral strategies women superintendents use that maybe transferable to women who aspire to the superintendency within districts in which appointment is the only means of ascension. The researcher interviewed five superintendents in districts within the southern United States. The data were analyzed using three conceptual frameworks: (a) Murphy's governance theory, (b) Ferguson's bureaucratic theory, and (c) Lather's emancipatory theory. The data were also evaluated in terms of elected and appointed school districts. Analysis of the data revealed four emerging themes: (a) career pathway and representative democracy, (b) political administrative elite and the bureaucracy, (c) gender dichotomy, the representation of self, and (d) building networks of support. The data revealed information about each superintendent's personal attributes that contributed to her electoral success, which included: (a) career path, (b) support system, and (c) and motivation to run. The superintendents also discussed mediating factors that shaped their campaign strategies and electoral success, which included: (a) negotiating powerbrokers within the community, (b) their relationship with the school board, (c) governance issues, (d) personal leadership philosophy, (e) power, and (f) gender stereotypes. Findings from the study provide guidance to those women aspiring to the superintendency in appointed school districts suggesting that appointed women superintendents recognize, understand, and negotiate the bureaucratic structure and governance framework as supported by the state and administrative elites.

Higher expectations for student achievement, administrative shortages, and more diverse emotional, social and learning needs of students, make the job of the educational leader a challenging one for today's school principals and district administrators. Superintendents and educators across the nation report a shortage of qualified candidates to fill principal vacancies. Mentoring was studied as a strategy to support the retention and development of school leaders. This phenomenological study focused on mentoring practices across multiple generations of educational leaders that had been successfully mentored. Selected mentors identified proteges whom they had mentored. The identification of mentors and proteges continued through five school leader mentoring generations. Each family consisted of five participants who had served as both mentor and protege. Each participant was asked open-ended interview questions about their roles as a mentor and as a protege. A total of 10 school leaders participated in this study. There were two interrelated research purposes of this study: (a) To understand the different meanings/practices of mentoring and being mentored, and further; (b) to explore whether there may be intergenerational patterns of mentoring that have been "inherited" by members of mentoring "families." In studying the relationship between mentoring and leadership development, the research design identified two distinct "families" of mentors and proteges. The significance of this design allowed the researcher to focus on "inherited" patterns of mentoring in order to better understand how mentoring might simultaneously promote cultural transmission and reproduction as well as the need for mutual and continuous learning. This study found that the cultural norms and values of Mentoring Family 1 and of Mentoring Family 2 were passed on from the first generation to the next through traditional mentoring and/or co-mentoring strategies. Mentoring strategies passed on from one generation to the next in both Family 1 and in Family 2 through mentors providing opportunities that opened doors that lead to advancement, socialization of proteges into new professional roles, and the development of trust and friendship. Role modeling and informal communication were the key learning strategies identified. These mentoring traits passed on relatively unchanged from one dyad to the next in both families.