Mother and infant

Infants communicate with their caregivers in a variety of ways – even before the onset of verbal language. One of the strategies infants employ is the use of deictic gestures (i.e., index points, showing, giving) to engage in communication about external referents with their partners. Previous associations have been identified that reveal relationships between infant deictic gesturing behaviors and maternal gesturing, however the number of studies that assess maternal interactive qualities simultaneously with these gesturing behaviors is minimal. In the current study, manual data annotation was employed to explore the relationships between infant deictic gesturing frequencies, maternal deictic gesturing frequencies, global maternal behaviors (sensitivity and intrusiveness) and dyadic characteristics. Infants between the ages of 12-months and 24-months (N = 61) and their mothers participated in free-play recorded via online videoconferencing. Frequencies of initiative deictic gestures were calculated. Dyads were classified as having a “pointer” or “non-pointer” infant and mother, respectively. Several significant associations were identified, including a negative association between maternal sensitivity and maternal giving (p = .009) and a positive association between maternal sensitivity and infant index finger pointing (p = .030).

Prior research on neurophysiology of infants of depressed mothers commonly has focused on EEG power and asymmetry. Whether infants of depressed mothers show differences in coherence is undetermined. This study examined the development of EEG alpha coherence in infants of mothers with various degrees of depression. Also investigated was the normative development of alpha coherence in infancy. The relationship between maternal depression and infant coherence was analyzed at different infant ages, from 1-12-months-old. There were significant effects of maternal depression on infant coherence between frontal-occipital regions, frontal-parietal regions, and central-parietal regions, in 1-month-olds. There were also significant maternal depression effects in central-parietal coherence in 1-3-month-olds and 3-6-month-olds. Differences were in the right hemisphere and were generally characterized by lower coherence in infants whose mothers had higher depression. Infants whose mothers had lower depression demonstrated age-related decreases in coherence, but infants of more highly depressed mothers did not show age-related differences.

Infants have an innate desire to form social bonds and jealousy protests are observed when an infant is trying to regain attention lost by a caregiver to a social competitor. The current study examined jealousy responses during the first year of life, between 6- to 9-months of age and 12- to 18-months of age, in response to loss of exclusive maternal attention, in addition to exploring implications for mother-infant attachment, EEG asymmetry, and cortisol reactivity and regulation. At both age groups, infants demonstrated increased approach behaviors when infants are faced with a social rival, in addition, left-frontal EEG asymmetry was associated with maternal-directed approach behaviors during the social rival condition. In the 6- to 9-month sample, left-frontal EEG asymmetry also demonstrated an association with infants regulatory abilities, measured by salivary cortisol. This study provides further evidence for the emerging links between social and emotional responses in infancy due to loss of exclusive maternal attention.

Adolescent mothers experience many factors that affect their ability to securely attach to their infants and are therefore considered a high-risk population. In addition, infants of adolescent mothers are at an increased risk of developing insecure attachment. FirstPlay® Therapy Infant Storytelling-Massage is an attachment-based, parent–infant adjunctive play therapy model founded on the theoretical underpinning of attachment theory.
The current study implemented a one-time intervention with an adolescent mother population in a group home setting. A pretest/posttest design was utilized to measure the impact of FirstPlay® Therapy on the variables of an adolescent mother’s levels of maternal attachment and comfort with physical touch. Participants in this study (N = 5) were adolescent mothers ages 18–21 years old, who were recruited from four maternity group homes in two counties in South Florida. Five adolescent mothers completed the FirstPlay® Therapy for pre and posttest data. No significant differences were found in the areas of maternal attachment and predisposition to touch before and 2 weeks after the intervention. There were some significant relationships found among the demographic variables specific to an adolescent mother’s history of employment status and her child welfare history as well as the age of the mother and the age of her infant. In addition, at posttest, a significant relationship was found between the sex of the infant and the total score on the PCAQ. Although no statistically significant findings were presented, recommendations for further research include extending this intervention to a broader population of adolescent mothers across a variety of settings to focus on early infant-attachment relationships.

This work examines the individual and comprehensive effects of oxytocin, maternal depression, and breastfeeding on the mother-infant bond. Self-report measures are used to illustrate differences in behavior, temperament, and maternal feelings towards her infant and her experiences associated with motherhood. Based on previous literature highlighting the protective and beneficial effects of oxytocin during maternity, results from this longitudinal study examining mother-infant dyads from prenatal to three-months postpartum are aimed to combine psycho-social and biological components associated with child rearing to form a complete understanding of the mother-infant bonding system. While our research provides support for certain psycho social components by demonstrating an irrefutable impact of depressive symptoms and breastfeeding self-efficacy on later displays of postpartum attachment, there is still room for question in regards to the role that oxytocin may play.