Shaw, Shih-Lung

Application of fractal concepts to geographic problems is reviewed. The basics of fractals are presented. Scale, self-similarity and their effects on natural phenomena are discussed. Eight sites (six wetland and two non-wetland) are studied. Using Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner data, the fractal dimensions of the surface reflectance of the sites are calculated by the contour method. Values obtained are related to the type of wetland and the structure and processes that characterize that type of wetland. Forested wetlands were found to have the lowest fractal dimension. Mixed forested and non-forested had the highest. Marshy non-forested sites were higher than expected. Conclusions drawn are that physical characteristics of different wetlands result in measurable differences in fractal dimension. Fractals will be valuable in computer aided wetland identification in the future.

The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 introduced high-level competition into the US domestic industry. The resulting network changes have created a deluge of research, largely focused on the hub-and-spoke structure. Over 15 years have passed since deregulation, and the industry still appears somewhat unsettled. Recent concerns of domestic carriers include downsizing of some hubs, and discussions of further consolidation of operations. Mergers may be the answer for airlines with shrinking markets within the US transportation system. This study examines the effect on network structure created by the merger of two carriers from the perspective of hub structures, accessibility and geographic coverage.