Kanter, Douglas

This thesis reappraises the significance of Alexander Martin Sullivan, the Irish
constitutional nationalist and owner-editor of the Nation, by examining his role in
carrying Young Ireland’s moderate nationalist program through the lull in popular
politics between the 1840s and 1870s. Sullivan has been routinely marginalized as an
important historical figure in post-Famine popular politics, yet his campaign of propping
up nationalist heroes and attempts at forming nationalist organizations, primarily through
the Nation, ultimately helped to revitalize nationalist politics. Although his efforts were
often threatened, and even thwarted at times, by James Stephens and other advanced
nationalists, Sullivan managed to preserve constitutional nationalism until the emergence
of Isaac Butt as leader of the home rule movement in the 1870s.

In the Jahiliyya (Pre- Islamic period), only women of
the elite classes who were related to men of influence
in the tribe were the women who had power in
society. The men of the elite prized their prowess in
defending their tribal pagan traditions, which defined
their place in society. Once Islam was established,
those who were most respected in pagan times, instead,
became the ones who were most looked down
upon because they were against the new order. Islam
effectively shifted the center of power from those
who were wealthy in the tribe, to those who embraced
Islam first; who were disproportionately women
and slaves.It is crucial to put early Islamic traditions
under the lens of cultural continuity from Pre- Islamic
tradition to understand the development of power in
tribal society and how this affected gender relations
and patriarchy.

This study examines the life of William Vaughan, a merchant in London during the revolutionary era, and the product of a new form of liberal education developed in England's Dissenting Academies. By taking full advantage of the innovative principles of liberal education developed by men like Joseph Priestley, Vaughan, as a professional, was able to wield social and political influence on behalf of a new merchant class previously excluded from the halls of power. Vaughan's success as governor of the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation and promoter of the English shipping industry, as well as his service as a member of numerous civic and philanthropic organizations, demonstrated a commitment to gradual improvements in the material and moral circumstances of the British Empire that had relatively little to do with the partisan political categories typically associated with the revolutionary era.