Freund, Robert R.

The present study applies Driver and Gottman’s (2004a) Turning System to
observations of the therapeutic relationship in a quasi-experimental between and within
groups design. A sample of 63 full counseling sessions (21 first sessions with clients who
return for four sessions, 21 first sessions for clients who terminate therapy prior to four
sessions, and 21 fourth sessions) were collected from a university counseling center in
South Florida. Clients and clinicians also completed self report evaluations of the
therapeutic relationship that were also included in this study (Working Alliance Inventory
– Short Form, and the Real Relationship Inventory). A series of multivariate analysis of
the variance (MANOVA) tests were performed to assess for significant differences in
Turning System behavior between return and dropout groups in the first sessions of
therapy, as well as for significant differences between return groups’ first and fourth sessions. Correlation analyses were run for client and therapist self report data and
Turning System codes.
Overall, the Turning System codes did not predict attrition from therapy;
however, significant effects were found for specific behaviors in the return versus
dropout comparisons, including client’s uses of negative bids, high level questions, and
preoccupied away responses. The Turning System also did not predict clear differences
between behaviors in ongoing therapy, though significant effects were again found for
individual behaviors enacted by both clients and therapists. Significant negative
correlations were also found for return group clients between specific behaviors and
ratings of the therapeutic alliance, such as high level questions and preoccupied away
responses. Individual behaviors in the therapist return group, such as high level questions,
negative bids, and interruptions, correlated negatively with ratings of the therapeutic
alliance. The results of this study are presented in an effort to synthesize the data into a
narrative for developing effective therapeutic relationships and guidance for future
research.

The role of gestures in determining the use of familiar and novel tools was explored. In the first study, participants were shown gestures for tools corresponding either to tool design, or to the physical affordances of a puzzle designed for each tool. In the second study, two additional conditions were added. In the first, gestures were used that did not correspond to tool design or the puzzle affordances. The second was a control condition in which no gestures were shown. Results indicate that the demonstration of gestures appropriate to a novel problem situation facilitate creative use of tools. Additionally, attention to tool and puzzle affordances is effective for creative tool use when no gestural input is present. However, knowledge of tool design may interfere with this creative application. Performance is further hindered by the demonstration of gestures consistent with tool design, which may prime individuals to rely on the design stance.