Spanish

Manuscript in an unidentified hand, undated, concerning the Parliamentary debates on the repeal of the Stamp Act of Great Britain.
Parallel text in English and Spanish on opposite pages.
Caption title of English text may be cutoff due to trimming. Fourth word of caption title of Spanish text mostly lost due to trimming.
First and last pages blank.
Bears watermark of a Fleur-de-lis and the letters "BDXXG" within.
Has catchwords, side notes, tie-holes.

Information about the influence of environmental factors
on the development of attention and memory is scarce.
This study analyzed the relationship between parents’
educational level, school type and sex on the development
of attention and memory. Four hundred and seventy six
children (age 5 to 16 years) of public (PuS) and private
schools (PrS) participated. The sample was divided in two
age groups: G1, age 5 to 8 years and G2, age 9 to 16
years. Attention and memory sub-tests from the Evaluación
Neuropsicológica Infantil-ENI (Matute, Rosselli, Ardila and
Ostrosky, 2007) were analyzed. There was a significant
effect of age on all sub-tests scores where older children
obtained higher scores. Also, there was a significant effect
of sex and type of school in some tasks, where girls had
higher performance than boys and, the students of PrS scored higher than students of PuS. An interaction between
type of school and sex was also evident: PrS girls showed
higher performance than other groups in some tasks of
attention and memory, especially those that imply verbal
information processing. There was a significant correlation
between the parents’educational level and the
performance in G2. Sons of parents with high educational
level show better performance than sons of parents with
low educational level. The results are discussed in terms
of the environmental variables effect on the development
of attention and memory.

The Colombian armed conflict has affected Colombia’s civil population of all walks of life and has been a long-term problem. Within these, the most affected are people from the rural areas, minorities such as women, adolescents, children, and the indigenous communities. This work analyses the literary representation of trauma and the internal displacement in Colombia in Los ejércitos (2007) by Evelio Rosero. The introduction provides historical context and definitions of trauma. The analysis of the impact of trauma on the collective and the minorities follows. For theoretical and historical references, this thesis draws concepts mostly from psychoanalysis, Irene Visser’s modified Grid Theory of social thought, and official Colombian documents. The thesis examines how the structure of Los ejércitos and some of its characters provide the representation of trauma in relation to the armed conflict in Colombia and the internal displacement that ensued.

The annihilation of women's artistic creativity in selected works by the Mexican writer Elena Poniatowska is a result of societal conditioning. Two short stories from Lilus Kikus and the short novel Querido Diego, te abraza Quiela portray the process of deterioration and demeaning obliteration of women's creative faculties, as they are conditioned to accept the conventional roles of wife and mother. Poniatowska's texts posit that, upon assuming these roles, the exercise of the creative artist's use of her imagination is postponed or detrimentally transformed forever. In the selected texts, women's artistic creativity is chronicled first at its best while the characters are girls or adolescents. The neglect, procrastination, and attention to domestic and repetitive tasks as opposed to the pursuit of their creative vein is observed in the adult women characters. Poignantly portrayed is Quiela, Diego Rivera's common-law wife of ten years, who destroys her life and creative power by trying to be the perfect wife. These literary works speak forcefully to the social issues and institutions that place women artists in a bind; are the roles of artist, mother/wife incompatible?

Lituma en los Andes tackles the universal substance of myths, its atavistic stock of culture, prejudice and superstitions, which applied to the complex Peru uncovers taboos and reveals a political statement, whose non-fictional counterpart can be found in La utopia arcaica: Jose Maria Arguedas y las ficciones del indigenismo, by the same author. This thesis uses a mythological and archetypal approach to prove that the narration--whose underlying element are Andean myths--is structured as the mythological adventure of a hero who must comply with the archetypal rites of passage: separation, initiation, and return. Lituma's trials lead him to a social and spiritual maturity and to discover the mysterious ancestral Peru, disdained by the more westernized Peruvians of the coast. The Andeans' fear of foreigners is represented by the myth of the pishtaco or throat-cutter, counterpart of the classical Minotaur. The encounter of the two scissioned worlds is only possible through love and friendship, in the framework of a pluralistic society, which is suggested by the novel's resolution.

Through careful selection of historical events and linguistic transformations, Ana Lydia Vega, born in 1946, tries to capture the essence of a diverse array of Puerto Rican figures. She bases her fiction on historical facts, cultural aspects, and linguistic peculiarities. Her writing blends these three aspects; however, the use of the unique Puerto Rican verbal expression is the foremost tool of her conceptualization. Because of the attention to detail, her work has become focal in contemporary Puerto Rican studies. Her work is marked by the constant use of humor even though the daily lives of her characters are marked by the tragedy of Puerto Rican historical search for identity. This study examines four of her stories "Letra para salsa y tres soneos por encargo," "Puerto Rican Syndrome o cosas extranas veredes," "Sobre tumbas y heroes (folletin de caballeria boricua)" y "El regreso del heroe." Her transformation of history, with its political connotations, and of culture through the fine articulation of colloquial Puerto Rican Spanish constitute the focus of this study.

Characterization of Black women as erotic beings in Spanish-Caribbean narrative has shifted significantly from 1880 to 1990. Their representation as totally submissive and erotic beings has evolved into that of socially conscious and self accepting Black women. In Villaverde's Cecilia Valdes (1882), Cecilia and Maria de la Regla are depicted as objects of male sexual desires. Diaz's Pascua in Cumboto (1948) and Asturias' Mulata de tal (1963), although eroticized, insinuate an underlying androgynous nature which makes them more assertive in their use of sexuality. However, it is contemporary women writers who dismantle the erotic stereotype: Ferre's "Cuando las mujeres quieren a los hombres" (1974) portrays a Black prostitute who, advances socially and economically. Cabrera's Nana in "La tesorera del diablo" (1971) is the bearer of ancestral knowledge and moral values, and Cartagena Portalatin's Aurora, in "La llamaban Aurora," (1978) speaks forcefully on social issues and fully accepts herself as a Black woman.

The "cuckold" is the prototype of the consenting husband in Quevedo's time. He represents the hypocrisy, the vanity, and, most of all, the moral decadence of Spanish society in the 17th Century. Quevedo expresses his great disillusion with the amoral behavior of his people and, through his satire, attempts to give a lesson on morality. Quevedo was able to transfer onto his work Spanish ideas and realities, giving them a serious character as that of an ascetic or a politician, with the pessimistic and sarcastic tone typical of his satire. Two important and influencing factors on his work and his way of looking at life were the family and cultural environment he was exposed to and the effect of his physical defects, which he succeeded in compensating due to his energetic personality. Quevedo used conceptism as his literary style, applying his genius to the creation of metaphors, taking the Spanish language to its maximum expression as no one else had done before him.

Proponemos demostrar en este trabajo que la generacion de cuentistas cubanos de entre guerras, es la que consolida el cuento como genero literario independiente de la novela. Influye en el proceso de formacion de la nacionalidad cubana, haciendo una gran contribucion a las corrientes literarias que predominan en este periodo. Hemos hecho un estudio de los mas importantes autores, analizando sus obras, mostrando como han contribuido al desarrollo del cuento.

This edition was prepared as a study aide for the students
of Spanish Literature at the college level. The work
consists of two chapters. Chapter I presents the author,
Carlos Arniches, the man and the playwright, while it offers
relevant information on the language techniques and the characters
he chooses. A section is also dedicated to the brief
presentation of Arniches' sainetes followed by a study of
the grotesque tragedy, in particular of La senorita de Trevelez.
Chapter II covers exclusively the annotated edition of
La senorita de Trevelez. The annotations are in English; all
difficult expressions are explained with the necessary background
for the best comprehension of the text. A bibliography
of all the sources consulted is included.
The student of the Spanish language will find in this
edition a tool for a better mastery of the language, the
culture of the time and the colloquial Spanish idiom.