Zoeller, Robert F.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare relationships between
dietary and physical activity (PA) behaviors and body composition and body fat
distribution, as measured by percent body fat (BF%), waist-to-height ratio (WHt), waistto-
hip ratio (WHp) and body mass index (BMI) in post-menopausal women (Post), with
the same relationships in pre-menopausal women (Pre). METHODS: Ninety-two subjects
(n = 48 Post; n = 44 Pre) were measured for height, weight, waist and hip circumferences
and skinfold thicknesses. Dietary content was obtained from a Diet History Questionnaire
(DHQ II); PA was estimated from responses to the International Physical Activity
Questionnaire (IPAQ). RESULTS: Multiple regression identified no modifiable predictor
variables for Pre. Models for Post identified saturated fat grams (SFGs), PA, years
postmenopause (YrsPost), and Alcohol (Alc) as predictors of WHt, WHp, BMI and BF%.
CONCLUSIONS: PA, SFG and Alc are modifiable variables related to postmenopausal
body composition and fat distribution.

Health promotion and community intervention models are available for
community projects. Project volunteers with business backgrounds may lack
knowledge of these models, but be familiar with business plans. This study analyzed
a community project using the Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH)
model and a business plan and proposed a new model based on that analysis. The
documented processes and activities of the United Way of Broward County. Florida,
Women's Way 2006 Helmets for the Holidays committee were collected, subjectively
evaluated, and used as the basis for a new model integrating components of PATCH
and a business plan. The significant contribution of the resulting model is its
incorporation of a community outreach component into a planning and management
model that uses business-comfortable language.

The purpose of this study was to determine if surgically-induced menopause
in younger women affects substrate utilization during submaximal exercise while
controlling for other potential confounds. METHODS: Thirteen untrained female
subjects (33-50 years old) were recruited: oophorectomized (Group O = 5) and
premenopausal controls (Group C = 8). Two separate visits included: body composition
and maximal treadmill exercise test; followed by substrate utilization via open-circuit
spirometry during 45 minutes of treadmill walking at 50% VO2max. RESULTS: When
controlling for multiple variables affecting whole-body substrate utilization (age, VO2max,
physical activity, body composition, fasting glucose, menstrual phase and diet), there was
no difference in substrate utilization between pre- and postmenopausal women as
measured by respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (0.83 ± 0.04 v 0.84 ± 0.03, p=0.47).
CONCLUSIONS: Menopausal status does not appear to have an effect on substrate
utilization during submaximal exercise in younger women.

The purpose of this study was to (1) derive gender-specific allometric scaling models using pre-training muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and body mass (BM) as scaling variables, (2) test model appropriateness using regression diagnostics, and (3) cross-validate the models before and after training. A subset of FAMuSS study data (n = 319, females = 183, males = 136) was randomly split into two groups (A & B). Group A pre-training data for female BM, female CSA, male BM, and male CSA models produced scaling exponents of 1.08, 0.44, 0.63, and 0.68, respectively. The female BM model was deemed inappropriate due to non-normal distribution of residuals. All other models met statistical criteria including normal distribution of residuals. Cross-validation to Group B pre-training data revealed that the models were appropriate, with the possible exception of male CSA model. Twelve weeks of resistance training did not alter the relation between BM, CSA, and muscular strength assessed by allometric scaling.